Octane is a rating, similar to a ratio of measurement,
not a substance chemical or product you can add to gas.
Determining octane measurements involves
a complex methodology.
Although there are now companies selling "portable" octane
analyzers (testing equipment), but their use by your typical
consumer is limited by a cost range of 2-5 thousand dollars.
"Gas Purifying Equipment" also is available,
but like octane analyzers their high price tags
often limit use by the general public.
When fuel absorbs moisture the octane reading will dramatically decrease.
Gas is available at different octane measurements - E.G. 87, 89, 91 or 93.
Fuel that has experienced water contamination (W/C) and phase separation (P/S) will decrease about 3 octane points...
This means that if you purchased fuel with an 87 octane level, after W/C and P/S will decrease to only 84, (an unsafe level for most engines).
Proper management when using alcohol-blend fuels will avoid this problem.
Some people chose to purchase a higher level octane blend when purchasing E10 fuel - to prevent octane from reaching a dangerously low level if fuel contaminates.
To avoid wasting money on gas that will contaminate quickly always purchase high quality fuel, follow necessary precautions, and refill tank often.
Replacing fuel in your tank every 1-2 weeks will usually limit the occurence of PS and WC.
Of course, there are other situations when irregardless of how fresh fuel is, the fuel will go bad - causing decrease in octane and other negative effects on ingredients contained in fuel.
There are several factors that will affect the gas octane number -
Running on gas with the appropriate octane rating will offer best performance and increase the useful life of the engine.
To maintain the octane rating listed at time of purchase, ethanol precautions that protect fuel quality is always your best strategy!